recordclass 0.10

Mutable variants of tuple (memoryslots) and collections.namedtuple (recordclass), which support assignments and more memory saving variants (arrayclass and structclass)

Recordclass library

What is all about?

Recordclass is MIT Licensed python library. From the begining it implements the type memoryslots and factory function recordclass in order to create record-like classes -- mutable variant of collection.namedtuple. Later more memory saving variant structclass is added.

• memoryslots is mutable variant of the tuple, which supports assignment operations.
• recordclass is a factory function that create a "mutable" analog of collection.namedtuple. It produces a subclass of memoryslots.
• structclass is an analog of recordclass. It produces a class with less memory footprint (same as class instances with __slots__) and namedtuple-like API. It's instances has no __dict__, __weakref__ and don't support cyclic garbage collection by default (only reference counting). But structclass-created classes can support any of them.
• arrayclass is factory function. It also produces a class with same memory footprint as structclass-created class instances. It implements an array of object. By default created class has no __dict__, __weakref__ and don't support cyclic garbage collection. But it can add support any of them.

Since 0.10

• dataobject is new base class for creating subclasses, which are support the following properties by default 1) no __dict__ and __weakref__; 2) GC support disabled; 3) instances have less memory size than class instances with __slots__.
• make_class is factory function for creation of dataobject subclasses described above.

This library starts as a "proof of concept" for the problem of fast "mutable" alternative of namedtuple (see question on stackoverflow). It was evolved further in order to provide more memory saving, fast and flexible types for representation of data objects.

Main repository for recordclass is on bitbucket.

Here is also a simple example.

Quick start:

First load inventory:

>>> from recordclass import recordclass, RecordClass

Example with recordclass:

>>> Point = recordclass('Point', 'x y')
>>> p = Point(1,2)
>>> print(p)
Point(1, 2)
>>> print(p.x, p.y)
1 2
>>> p.x, p.y = 10, 20
>>> print(p)
Point(10, 20)

Example with RecordClass and typehints::

class Point(RecordClass):
   x: int
   y: int

>>> ptint(Point.__annotations__)
{'x': <class 'int'>, 'y': <class 'int'>}
>>> p = Point(1, 2)
>>> print(p)
Point(1, 2)
>>> print(p.x, p.y)
1 2
>>> p.x, p.y = 10, 20
>>> print(p)
Point(10, 20)

Since 0.10 there is new base class dataobject. It's not following namedtuple API. It follows more attrs/dataclasses-like API. By default, subclasses of dataobject doesn't support cyclic GC, but only reference counting. As the result the instance of such class need less memory. The difference is equal to the size of PyGC_Head.

Subclasses of the dataobject are reasonable when reference cycles are not provided. For example, when all fields have values of atomic types (integer, float, strings, date and time, etc.). The field's value also may be the instance of a subclass of dataobject (i.e. without GC support). As an exception, the value of a field can be any object if our instance is not contained in this object and in its sub-objects.

Here example::

>>> from recordclass import dataobject, asdict

class Point(dataobject):
    x: int
    y: int
    
>>> print(Point.__annotations__)
{'x': <class 'int'>, 'y': <class 'int'>}

>>> p = Point(1,2)
>>> print(p)
Point(x=1, y=2)

>>> sys.getsizeof() # the output below is for 64bit python
32
>>> p.__sizeof__() == sys.getsizeof(p) # no additional space used by GC
True    

>>> p.x, p.y = 10, 20
>>> print(p)
Point(x=10, y=20)

>>> print(iter(p))
[1, 2]
    
>>> asdict(p)
{'x':1, 'y':2}

Default values are also supported::

class CPoint(dataobject):
    x: int
    y: int
    color: str = 'white'

>>> p = CPoint(1,2)
>>> print(p.x, p.y, p.color)
1 2 'white'
>>> print(p)
Point(x=1, y=2, color='white')

Recordclass

Recorclass was created as answer to question on stackoverflow.com.

Recordclass was designed and implemented as a type that, by api, memory footprint, and speed, would be almost identical to namedtuple, except that it would support assignments that could replace any element without creating a new instance, as in namedtuple (support assignments __setitem__ / setslice__).

The effectiveness of a namedtuple is based on the effectiveness of the tuple type in python. In order to achieve the same efficiency, it was created the type memoryslots. The structure (PyMemorySlotsObject) is identical to the structure of the tuple (PyTupleObject) and therefore occupies the same amount of memory as tuple.

Recordclass is defined on top of memoryslots in the same way as namedtuple defined on top of tuple. Attributes are accessed via a descriptor (itemgetset), which provides quick access and assignment by attribute index.

The class generated by recordclass looks like:

from recordclass import memoryslots, itemgetset

class C(memoryslots, metaclass=recordclass):
    
    __attrs__ = ('attr_1',...,'attr_m')
    
    attr_1 = itemgetset(0)
    ...
    attr_m = itemgetset(m-1)
    
    def __new__(cls, attr_1, ..., attr_m):
        'Create new instance of C(attr_1, ..., attr_m)'
        return memoryslots.__new__(cls, attr_1, ..., attr_m)

etc. following the definition scheme of namedtuple.

As a result, recordclass takes up as much memory as namedtuple, supports fast access by __getitem__ / __setitem__ and by the name of the attribute through the descriptor protocol.

Structclass

In the discussions, it was correctly noted that instances of classes with __slots__ also support fast access to the object fields and take up less memory than tuple and instances of classes created using the factory function recordclass. This happens because instances of classes with __slots__ do not store the number of elements, like tuple and others (PyObjectVar), but they store the number of elements and the list of attributes in their type ( PyHeapTypeObject).

Therefore, a special class prototype was created from which, using a special metaclass of structclasstype, classes can be created, instances of which can occupy as much in memory as instances of classes with __slots__, but do not use __slots__ at all. Based on this, the factory function recordclass2 can create classes, instances of which are all similar to instances created using recordclass, but taking up less memory space.

The class generated by recordclass looks like:

from recordclass.arrayclass import RecordClass, dataobject, dataobjectgetset, structclasstype

class C(dataobject, metaclass=structclasstype):
    
    __attrs__ = ('attr_1',...,'attr_m')
    
    attr_1 = dataobjectgetset(0)
    ...
    attr_m = dataobjectgetset(m-1)
    
    def __new__(cls, attr_1, ..., attr_m):
        'Create new instance of C(attr_1, ..., attr_m)'
        return dataobject.__new__(cls, attr_1, ..., attr_m)

etc. following the definition scheme of recordclass.

As a result, structclass-based objects takes up as much memory as __slots__-based instances and also have same functionality as recordclass-created instances.

Comparisons

The following table explain memory footprints of recordclass-, recordclass2-base objects:

namedtuple	class/__slots__	recordclass	structclass
b+s+n*p	b+n*p	b+s+n*p	b+n*p-g

where:

• b = sizeof(PyObject)
• s = sizeof(Py_ssize_t)
• n = number of items
• p = sizeof(PyObject*)
• g = sizeof(PyGC_Head)

Special option cyclic_gc=False (by default) of structclass allows to disable support of the cyclic garbage collection. This is useful in that case when you absolutely sure that reference cycle isn't possible. For example, when all field values are instances of atomic types. As a result the size of the instance is decreased by 24 bytes:

    class S:
        __slots__ = ('a','b','c')
        def __init__(self, a, b, c):
            self.a = a
            self.b = b
            self.c = c
            
    R_gc = recordclass2('R_gc', 'a b c', cyclic_gc=True)
    R_nogc = recordclass2('R_nogc', 'a b c')
    
    s = S(1,2,3)
    r_gc = R_gc(1,2,3) 
    r_nogc = R_nogc(1,2,3)
    for o in (s, r_gc, r_nogc):
        print(sys.getsizeof(o))
    64 64 40

Here are also table with some performance counters:

	namedtuple	class/__slots__	recordclass	structclass
new	739±24 ns	915±35 ns	763±21 ns	889±34 ns
getattr	84.0±1.7 ns	42.8±1.5 ns	39.5±1.0 ns	41.7±1.1 ns
setattr		50.5±1.7 ns	50.9±1.5 ns	48.8±1.0 ns

Changes:

0.10

• Invent new factory function make_class for creation of different kind of dataobject classes without GC support by default.
• Invent new metaclass datatype and new base class dataobject for creation dataobject class using class statement. It have disabled GC support, but could be enabled by decorator dataobject.enable_gc. It support type hints (for python >= 3.6) and default values. It may not specify sequence of field names in __fields__ when type hints are applied to all data attributes (for python >= 3.6).
• Now recordclass-based classes may not support cyclic garbage collection too. This reduces the memory footprint by the size of PyGC_Head. Now by default recordclass-based classes doesn't support cyclic garbage collection.

0.9

• Change version to 0.9 to indicate a step forward.
• Cleanup dataobject.__cinit__.

0.8.5

• Make arrayclass-based objects support setitem/getitem and structclass-based objects able to not support them. By default, as before structclass-based objects support setitem/getitem protocol.
• Now only instances of dataobject are comparable to 'arrayclass'-based and structclass-based instances.
• Now generated classes can be hashable.

0.8.4

• Improve support for readonly mode for structclass and arrayclass.
• Add tests for arrayclass.

0.8.3

• Add typehints support to structclass-based classes.

0.8.2

• Remove usedict, gc, weaklist from the class __dict__.

0.8.1

• Remove Cython dependence by default for building recordclass from the sources [Issue #7].

0.8

• Add structclass factory function. It's analog of recordclass but with less memory footprint for it's instances (same as for instances of classes with __slots__) in the camparison with recordclass and namedtuple (it currently implemented with Cython).
• Add arrayclass factory function which produce a class for creation fixed size array. The benefit of such approach is also less memory footprint (it currently currently implemented with Cython).
• structclass factory has argument gc now. If gc=False (by default) support of cyclic garbage collection will switched off for instances of the created class.
• Add function join(C1, C2) in order to join two structclass-based classes C1 and C2.
• Add sequenceproxy function for creation of immutable and hashable proxy object from class instances, which implement access by index (it currently currently implemented with Cython).
• Add support for access to recordclass object attributes by idiom: ob['attrname'] (Issue #5).
• Add argument readonly to recordclass factory to produce immutable namedtuple. In contrast to collection.namedtuple it use same descriptors as for regular recordclasses for performance increasing.

0.7

• Make memoryslots objects creation faster. As a side effect: when number of fields >= 8 recordclass instance creation time is not biger than creation time of instaces of dataclasses with __slots__.
• Recordclass factory function now create new recordclass classes in the same way as namedtuple in 3.7 (there is no compilation of generated python source of class).

0.6

• Add support for default values in recordclass factory function in correspondence to same addition to namedtuple in python 3.7.

0.5

• Change version to 0.5

0.4.4

• Add support for default values in RecordClass (patches from Pedro von Hertwig)
• Add tests for RecorClass (adopted from python tests for NamedTuple)

0.4.3

• Add support for typing for python 3.6 (patches from Vladimir Bolshakov).
• Resolve memory leak issue.

0.4.2

• Fix memory leak in property getter/setter